Two kinds of drugs for treating AIDS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61173/srb3av47Keywords:
HIV, Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, CCR5 inhibitor, Efavirenz, MaravirocAbstract
This research provides an in-depth analysis of Efavirenz and Maraviroc, two key antiretroviral drugs used in HIV/AIDS treatment. It examines their mechanisms of action, chemical structures, pharmacological properties, and safety profiles. The study aims to identify the clinical advantages of these drugs and their potential in future HIV therapeutic strategies, considering the limitations of current antiretroviral therapies.
References
[1] Yang Xuan Analysis of the Reporting of HIV/AIDS Patient Deaths and Late Reporting of Deaths in China from 2011 to 2018.
[2] Saag MS, Gandhi RT, Hoy JF, Landovitz RJ, Thompson MA, Sax PE, Smith DM, Benson CA, Buchbinder SP, Del Rio C, Eron JJ Jr, Fätkenheuer G, Günthard HF, Molina JM, Jacobsen DM, Volberding PA. Antiretroviral Drugs for Treatment and Prevention of HIV Infection in Adults: 2020 Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel. JAMA. 2020 Oct 27;324(16):1651-1669. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.17025. PMID: 33052386; PMCID: PMC11017368.
[3] Engelman A, Cherepanov P. The structural biology of HIV- 1: mechanistic and therapeutic insights. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2012 Mar 16;10(4):279-90. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2747. PMID: 22421880; PMCID: PMC3588166.
[4] Laskey SB, Siliciano RF. A mechanistic theory to explain the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2014 Nov;12(11):772-80. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro3351. Epub 2014 Sep 29. PMID: 25263222.
[5] Lewis W, Grupp IL, Grupp G, Hoit B, Morris R, Samarel AM, Bruggeman L, Klotman P. Cardiac dysfunction occurs in the HIV-1 transgenic mouse treated with zidovudine. Lab Invest. 2000 Feb;80(2):187-97. doi: 10.1038/labinvest.3780022. PMID: 10701688.
[6] Wang Y, De Clercq E, Li G. Current and emerging nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) for HIV-1 treatment. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2019 Oct;15(10):813-829. doi: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1673367. Epub 2019 Oct 17. PMID: 31556749.
[7] Das K, Martinez SE, Bauman JD, Arnold E. HIV-1 reverse transcriptase complex with DNA and nevirapine reveals nonnucleoside inhibition mechanism. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2012 Jan 22;19(2):253-9. doi: 10.1038/nsmb.2223. PMID: 22266819; PMCID: PMC3359132.
[8] Thammaporn R, Yagi-Utsumi M, Yamaguchi T, Boonsri P, Saparpakorn P, Choowongkomon K, Techasakul S, Kato K, Hannongbua S. NMR characterization of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase binding to various non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors with different activities. Sci Rep. 2015 Oct 29;5:15806. doi: 10.1038/srep15806. PMID: 26510386; PMCID: PMC4625163.
[9] Costa B, Vale N. Efavirenz: History, Development and Future. Biomolecules. 2022 Dec 31;13(1):88. doi: 10.3390/ biom13010088. PMID: 36671473; PMCID: PMC9855767.
[10] Eke AC, Lockman S, Mofenson LM. Antiretroviral Treatment of HIV/AIDS During Pregnancy. JAMA. 2023 Apr 18;329(15):1308-1309. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.5076. PMID: 37010862; PMCID: PMC10390091.
[11] Thompson CG, Rosen EP, Prince HMA, White N, Sykes C, de la Cruz G, Mathews M, Deleage C, Estes JD, Charlins P, Mulder LR, Kovarova M, Adamson L, Arora S, Dellon ES, Peery AF, Shaheen NJ, Gay C, Muddiman DC, Akkina R, Garcia JV, Luciw P, Kashuba ADM. Heterogeneous antiretroviral drug distribution and HIV/SHIV detection in the gut of three species. Sci Transl Med. 2019 Jul 3;11(499):eaap8758. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aap8758. PMID: 31270274; PMCID: PMC8273920.
[12] Patel M, Shah R, Sawant K. Recent Advances in Drug Delivery Strategies for Improved Therapeutic Efficacy of Efavirenz. Recent Pat Nanotechnol. 2020;14(2):119-127. doi: 10 .2174/1872210513666191019103129. PMID: 31738157.
[13] Rutherford GW, Horvath H. Dolutegravir Plus Two Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors versus Efavirenz Plus Two Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors As Initial Antiretroviral Therapy for People with HIV: A Systematic Review. PLoS One. 2016 Oct 13;11(10):e0162775. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162775. PMID: 27736859; PMCID: PMC5063380.
[14] Mohamed H, Gurrola T, Berman R, Collins M, Sariyer IK, Nonnemacher MR, Wigdahl B. Targeting CCR5 as a Component of an HIV-1 Therapeutic Strategy. Front Immunol. 2022 Jan 20;12:816515. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.816515. PMID: 35126374; PMCID: PMC8811197.
[15] Zhu Y, Zhao YL, Li J, Liu H, Zhao Q, Wu BL, Yang ZL. Molecular binding mode of PF- 232798, a clinical anti-HIV Dean&Francis Yechen Mao candidate, at chemokine receptor CCR5. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2019 Apr;40(4):563-568. doi: 10.1038/s41401-018-0054-2. Epub 2018 Jun 25. PMID: 29941870; PMCID: PMC6462036.
[16] Qi B, Fang Q, Liu S, Hou W, Li J, Huang Y, Shi J. Advances of CCR5 antagonists: From small molecules to macromolecules. Eur J Med Chem. 2020 Dec 15;208:112819. doi: 10.1016/ j.ejmech.2020.112819. Epub 2020 Sep 8. PMID: 32947226.
[17] López-Huertas MR, Jiménez-Tormo L, Madrid-Elena N, Gutiérrez C, Rodríguez-Mora S, Coiras M, Alcamí J, Moreno S. The CCR5-antagonist Maraviroc reverses HIV-1 latency in vitro alone or in combination with the PKC-agonist Bryostatin-1. Sci Rep. 2017 May 24;7(1):2385. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02634-y. PMID: 28539614; PMCID: PMC5443841.
[18] De La Torre Tarazona E, Passaes C, Moreno S, Sáez- Cirión A, Alcamí J. High concentrations of Maraviroc do not alter immunological and metabolic parameters of CD4 T cells. Sci Rep. 2024 Jun 17;14(1):13980. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024- 64902-y. Erratum in: Sci Rep. 2024 Jul 17;14(1):16545. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-67334-w. PMID: 38886484; PMCID: PMC11183235.
[19] López-Huertas MR, Gutiérrez C, Madrid-Elena N, Hernández-Novoa B, Olalla-Sierra J, Plana M, Delgado R, Rubio R, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, Moreno S. Prolonged administration of maraviroc reactivates latent HIV in vivo but it does not prevent antiretroviral-free viral rebound. Sci Rep. 2020 Dec 18;10(1):22286. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-79002-w. PMID: 33339855; PMCID: PMC7749169.
[20] Piconi S, Pocaterra D, Rainone V, Cossu M, Masetti M, Rizzardini G, Clerici M, Trabattoni D. Maraviroc Reduces Arterial Stiffness in PI-Treated HIV-infected Patients. Sci Rep. 2016 Jun 29;6:28853. doi: 10.1038/srep28853. PMID: 27352838; PMCID: PMC4926207.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 by the authors.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
