Wearable Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease: Current Evidence, Clinical Applications, and Future Perspectives

Abstract

This review explores the emerging and significant role of wearable non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) technologies, with a focus on transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), in the management of Parkinson’s disease (PD). While current PD therapies, including medication and deep brain stimulation, have limitations and risks, wearable NIBS offers a non-surgical, accessible alternative.  The paper outlines the principles of tDCS, its methodology, and recent evidence supporting its efficacy for both motor (gait, balance) and non-motor (cognitive, mood) symptoms in PD. Meta-analyses show that tDCS, particularly when combined with rehabilitation, can significantly improve mobility, executive function, and depressive symptoms. However, the clinical impact remains moderate and variable, with optimal protocols still under investigation. The review discusses the ongoing development of wearable NIBS devices, their advantages, limitations, and future prospects for personalized, at-home therapy. These technologies have the potential to complement existing treatments, enhancing the quality of life for people with Parkinson’s disease.