Epidemiological Patterns and Risk Determinants of Neurodegenerative Diseases in the Context of Global Population Aging

Abstract

With the acceleration of global population ageing, neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) have emerged as a major challenge threatening the health of the elderly and societal development. This paper reviews the epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of major NDDs such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, focusing on their variations across different regions, age groups, genders, socioeconomic statuses, and the combined effects from lifestyle, psychosocial and environmental factors. Research indicates that the prevalence of NDDs increases significantly with age. Women are more susceptible to Alzheimer’s disease, while men face a higher risk of Parkinson’s disease. Individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds experience markedly elevated incidence rates due to constrained access to healthcare and poorer living conditions. NDDs not only cause cognitive and motor impairments but also impose substantial economic and social burdens. We have also explored the basic mechanisms of different risk factors that increase the risk of NDDs, including physical exercise, alcohol consumption, sleep disturbances, depression and stress, social engagement and overall environmental factors. Understanding the epidemiological patterns and risk factors facilitates the development of targeted public health policies and interventions to mitigate the future disease burden. This study not only provides data support for epidemiological research but also offers reference for global health governance and the optimisation of healthcare resource allocation.