Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration: Emerging Insights into Molecular Mechanisms

Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases are affecting more people and imposing a greater burden on countries. Scientists have not yet created a drug that cures these diseases completely. This article is written to gain a deeper understanding of neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes cells and significant signalling pathways such as NLRP3 and mitochondria are the major triggers to neuroinflammations. Additionally, four neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) are discussed through analysis of their symptoms, causes and current treatments. Current treatments still rely on utilising existing methodologies or natural products of green tea to alleviate symptoms. The complexity of these diseases renders single therapy approaches unlikely to be efficacious, necessitating multidisciplinary research to discover more effective intervention strategies. Future research should focus on identifying novel drug targets and developing personalised treatment protocols. Simultaneously, efforts should be made to improve early diagnostic technologies and harness the potential of lifestyle interventions to achieve comprehensive health management from prevention to treatment.