Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Drug Therapy

Authors

  • Le Lyu

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.61173/1hdmfr16

Keywords:

Complications, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Drug Therapy, Pharmacological Interventions

Abstract

Diabetes is common around the world. It has several types and, among them, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is very common in many countries and can be found in all age groups. T2DM has some complications that really make patients’ lives inconvenient and some of the complications can bring high mortality. This review discusses how these complications happen and drug therapies for some of the diseases, also talks about some other factors that could make drug therapies different and gives some ways to discover drugs that can improve treatment plans. The complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus are mostly microor macrovascular diseases, whose onset and progression are caused by its uncontrolled nature. At present, the drug treatment for type 2 diabetes includes two types: oral hypoglycemic drugs and injectable preparations. At present, the treatment of type 2 diabetes focuses on comprehensive management, with the goal of controlling blood sugar and preventing complications. Future research may focus on new drug development, technological and therapeutic innovations, early intervention and reversal of type 2 diabetes.

References

[1] World Health Organization. (2023). Global report on diabetes. Geneva: World Health Organization.

[2] Lipska, K. J., Bailey, C. J., & Inzucchi, S. E. (2014). Use of metformin in the setting of mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency. Diabetes Care, 34(6), 1431–1437.

[3] Cheung, N., Mitchell, P., & Wong, T. Y. (2010). Diabetic retinopathy. The Lancet, 376(9735), 124–136.

[4] Kowluru, R. A., Koppolu, P., Chakrabarti, S., & Chen, S. (2014). Diabetes-induced activation of nuclear transcriptional factor in the retina, and its inhibition by antioxidants. Free Radical Research, 37(11), 1169–1180.

[5] Levin, A., Stevens, P. E., Bilous, R. W., et al. (2015). KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney International Supplements, 3(1), 1–150.

[6] Edwards, J. L., Vincent, A. M., Cheng, H. T., & Feldman, E. L. (2016). Diabetic neuropathy: mechanisms to management. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 120(1), 1–34.

[7] Zhang, Y., Hu, G., Yuan, Z., & Chen, L. (2014). Glycosylated hemoglobin in relationship to cardiovascular outcomes and death in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and metaanalysis. PLoS One, 9(1), e94799.

[8] Rana, J. S., Liu, J. Y., Moffet, H. H., et al. (2013). Diabetes and prior coronary heart disease are not necessarily risk equivalent for future coronary heart disease events. American Journal of Cardiology, 111(3), 350–355.

[9] Biessels, G. J., Staekenborg, S., Brunner, E., Brayne, C., & Scheltens, P. (2014). Risk of dementia in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 85(1), 181–190.

[10] Bugianesi, E., Leone, N., Vanni, E., et al. (2015). Expanding the natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: from cryptogenic cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology, 128(2), 613–620.

[11] Gandhi, L., Johnson, B. E., & Janne, P. A. (2013). Paraneoplastic syndromes in lung cancer. Clinical Lung Cancer, 14(1), 3–9.

[12] Do, D. V., Nguyen, Q. D., Khwaja, A. A., et al. (2016). An exploratory study of the safety, tolerability and bioactivity of a single intravitreal injection of vascular endothelial growth factor Trap-Eye in patients with diabetic macular oedema: a phase II study. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 94(3), 336–340.

[13] Holman, R. R., Paul, S. K., Bethel, M. A., Matthews, D. R., & Neil, H. A. W. (2008). 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 359(15), 1577–1589.

[14] Marso, S. P., Daniels, G. H., Brown-Frandsen, K., et al. (2016). Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 Dean&Francis ISSN 2959-409X diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 375(4), 311–322.

[15] Zinman, B., Wanner, C., Lachin, J. M., et al. (2015). Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 373(22), 2117– 2128.

[16] Garg, P. K., Biggs, M. L., & Criqui, M. H. (2017). The epidemiology of peripheral arterial disease. Vascular Medicine, 22(2), 155–162.

[17] Minari, T. P., de Abreu, L. B., & de Oliveira, F. L. (2018). Lifestyle interventions in patients with type 2 diabetes: a review. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome, 12(3), 391–395.

Downloads

Published

2026-02-28

How to Cite

(1)
Lyu, L. Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Drug Therapy. MS 2026, 4, 6942.