The Effect of Sodium Content in Food on the appetite of the ObesePeople: A Research Proposal on Cognitive Diversity

Authors

  • Xinfeng Wu
  • Rui Wu

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.61173/fyf43j50

Keywords:

Sodium level, Obesity, Lexical decision, Visual stimulation, Attentional bias

Abstract

Previous studies showed that people with obesity respond to high- or low-calorie foods differently from those with
the standard Body Mass Index (BMI). Nevertheless, as suggested by the previous paper, sodium might be a clue that
leads to high-calorie food intake, which then induces obesity. Also, the synergy between eating high-calorie food and
high-sodium food was found to be one of the mechanisms that developed obesity. However, no study has been done to
investigate the effect of sodium food on the appetite of people suffering from obesity. To find out this question, we will
conduct behavior tests, including lexical decisions and visual stimulation, to determine whether the sodium component
in the food can be a way to define the food stimuli that develop eating addiction in obesity population. Besides, we will
compare which delivery of this kind of stimuli, through pictures or words, will affect the results more, if possible.

References

[1] WHO. (2022). Obesity and overweight. Who.int. Retrieved 24 June 2022, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/ detail/obesity-and-overweight.

[2] Flegal, K. M., Kit, B. K., Orpana, H., & Graubard, B. I.

[2013] . Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic Figure 1. Predictions of the proposed study. review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 309(1), 71–82. https://doi. (A) People with obesity will have a shorter org/10.1001/jama.2012.113905 reaction time towards the high sodium food 3. Heymsfield, S. B., & Wadden, T. A. (2017). Mechanisms, cues and longer for the low sodium food cues. Pathophysiology, and Management of Obesity. The New England Correspondingly, a conversed resulted will journal of medicine, 376(15), 1492. https://doi.org/10.1056/ be showed in the healthy weight group. (B) NEJMc1701944 Distribution of the mean RTs. 4. Dalle Grave, R., Sartirana, M., & Calugi, S. (2020). Personalized cognitive-behavioural therapy for obesity (CBT- Conclusion OB): theory, strategies and procedures. BioPsychoSocial As obesity is a category of illness that can lead to several medicine, 14, 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13030-020-00177-9 mortal complications, it is still urgent to find novel 5. Jacob, J. J., & Isaac, R. (2012). Behavioral therapy for preventions and treatments. Diet adjustment is one of management of obesity. Indian journal of endocrinology the well-known methods for preventing and treating and metabolism, 16(1), 28–32. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230- obesity. In our proposal, we convey two subtle methods to 8210.91180 investigate the attentional biases to food-relative stimuli in 6. Jensen, M. D., Ryan, D. H., Apovian, C. M., Ard, J. D., people with obesity. In our potential analysis, rather than Comuzzie, A. G., Donato, K. A., Hu, F. B., Hubbard, V. S., just comparing the RT, we will focus on the distribution Jakicic, J. M., Kushner, R. F., Loria, C. M., Millen, B. E., Nonas, of RTs by using incremental plots. This kind of quantile- C. A., Pi-Sunyer, F. X., Stevens, J., Stevens, V. J., Wadden, T. A., based method can provide converging evidence to Wolfe, B. M., Yanovski, S. Z., Jordan, H. S., … Obesity Society our predictions. If the result of the study supports the (2014). 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management predictions (Fig 1.), we can give one more aspect of of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American suggestions for a healthy diet with significant theoretical College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and clinical implications. However, this outcome will on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. Circulation, still lead to questions about whether other factors 129(25 Suppl 2), S102–S138. https://doi.org/10.1161/01. can synergize with sodium levels in food on people’s cir.0000437739.71477.ee appetite. Past studies on high sodium intake correlation 7. Hall, K. D., & Kahan, S. (2018). Maintenance of Lost Weight with obesity have suggested that the pathophysiologic and Long-Term Management of Obesity. The Medical clinics mechanism of obesity has high relation with ghrelin of North America, 102(1), 183–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/

[25] . As noted, ghrelin acts as a regulator of fats and j.mcna.2017.08.012 Dean&Francis

[8] Thaker V. V. (2017). GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CAUSES HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05948 OF OBESITY. Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews, 18. Tárrega, J., Perea, M., Rojo-Bofill, L. M., Moreno-Giménez, 28(2), 379–405. A., Almansa-Tomás, B., Vento, M., & García-Blanco, A.

[9] Hill, J. O., Wyatt, H. R., & Peters, J. C. (2012). Energy (2021). Do children with overweight respond faster to foodbalance and obesity. Circulation, 126(1), 126–132. https://doi. related words?. Appetite, 161, 105134. https://doi.org/10.1016/ org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.087213 j.appet.2021.105134

[10] Romieu, I., Dossus, L., Barquera, S., Blottière, H. M., 19. Duszka, K., Gregor, A., Reichel, M. W., Baierl, A., Franks, P. W., Gunter, M., Hwalla, N., Hursting, S. D., Fahrngruber, C., & König, J. (2020). Visual stimulation with Leitzmann, M., Margetts, B., Nishida, C., Potischman, N., food pictures in the regulation of hunger hormones and nutrient Seidell, J., Stepien, M., Wang, Y., Westerterp, K., Winichagoon, deposition, a potential contributor to the obesity crisis. PloS one, P., Wiseman, M., Willett, W. C., & IARC working group on 15(4), e0232099. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232099 Energy Balance and Obesity (2017). Energy balance and obesity: 20. ABS. (2018). National Health Survey: first results, 2017–18, what are the main drivers?. Cancer causes & control : CCC, ABS website, Retrieved 26 August 2022, from National Health 28(3), 247–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-017-0869-z Survey: First results, 2017-18 financial year | Australian Bureau

[11] Zou, Z., Wang, H., d’Oleire Uquillas, F., Wang, X., Ding, J., of Statistics (abs.gov.au). & Chen, H. (2017). Definition of Substance and Non-substance 21. Blechert, J., Meule, A., Busch, N., & Ohla, K. (2014). Food- Addiction. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, pics: an image database for experimental research on eating and 1010, 21–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5562-1_2 appetite. Frontiers In Psychology, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/

[12] Boswell, R. G., Sun, W., Suzuki, S., & Kober, H. (2018). fpsyg.2014.00617 Training in cognitive strategies reduces eating and improves 22. Liu, C., Li, Y., & Wu, Z. (2021). Body-specificity Effects on food choice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Different Bodily Traits. Advances In Social Science, Education the United States of America, 115(48), E11238–E11247. https:// And Humanities Research. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717092115 k.211011.083

[13] WHO. (2018). Who.int. Retrieved 25 June 2022, from 23. Ma, Y., He, F. J., & MacGregor, G. A. (2015). High salt https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/replace- intake: independent risk factor for obesity?. Hypertension transfats/replace-action-package.pdf. (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 66(4), 843–849. https://doi.org/10.1161/

[14] Yi, S. S., & Kansagra, S. M. (2014). Associations of sodium HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05948 intake with obesity, body mass index, waist circumference, and 24. Duszka, K., Gregor, A., Reichel, M. W., Baierl, A., weight. American journal of preventive medicine, 46(6), e53– Fahrngruber, C., & König, J. (2020). Visual stimulation with e55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.02.005 food pictures in the regulation of hunger hormones and nutrient

[15] Wójcik, M., & Kozioł-Kozakowska, A. (2021). Obesity, deposition, a potential contributor to the obesity crisis. PloS one, Sodium Homeostasis, and Arterial Hypertension in Children and 15(4), e0232099. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232099 Adolescents. Nutrients, 13(11), 4032. https://doi.org/10.3390/ 25. Zhang, Y., Li, F., Liu, F., Chu, C., Wang, Y., & Wang, D. nu13114032 et al. (2016). Elevation of Fasting Ghrelin in Healthy Human

[16] Lanaspa, M., Kuwabara, M., Andres-Hernando, A., Li, N., Subjects Consuming a High-Salt Diet: A Novel Mechanism Cicerchi, C., & Jensen, T. et al. (2018). High salt intake causes of Obesity?. Nutrients, 8(6), 323. https://doi.org/10.3390/ leptin resistance and obesity in mice by stimulating endogenous nu8060323 fructose production and metabolism. Proceedings Of The 26. Restivo, M. R., McKinnon, M. C., Frey, B. N., Hall, G. National Academy Of Sciences, 115(12), 3138-3143. https://doi. B., & Taylor, V. H. (2016). Effect of obesity on cognition in org/10.1073/pnas.1713837115 adults with and without a mood disorder: study design and

[17] Ma, Y., He, F. J., & MacGregor, G. A. (2015). High salt methods. BMJ open, 6(2), e009347. https://doi.org/10.1136/ intake: independent risk factor for obesity?. Hypertension bmjopen-2015-009347 (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 66(4), 843–849. https://doi.org/10.1161/

Downloads

Published

2023-06-01